Small design shifts can have big consequences, shifting the direction of a sport and bringing a new wave of athletes to the game. Let us now pay homage to these 10 heavy hitters that changed the history of gear.
1926: Metal Edges on Skis
Metal edges changed skiing forever, opening up the mountain to both聽groms聽and experts. With them, skiers could carve short, aggressive turns and make controlled stops no matter the conditions.
How’d they come to be? In the聽1920s, Austrian accountant Rudolf聽Lettner聽聽on hickory skis with worn wooden edges. His brain took a cue from the metal tips on his poles, and he screwed thin steel rails to his skis,聽聽in 1926.
Steel edges鈥揳long with new composite materials that that made skis flexible beginning in the 1940s鈥搒et up the resort boom of the聽1950s聽and聽1960s.
1937: Derailleurs on Bikes
Hills were cut down to size for cyclists once a mechanism was invented to change gears while in motion.
How it happened:聽Tullio聽Campagnolo聽tinkered with a system in the聽1930s, and Lucien Charles聽Hippolyte聽Juy released a commercial聽derailleur聽in 1938, but the first time the devices were allowed in the Tour de France was 1937. (Before that, racers had to disconnect the rear wheel, spin it around, and reconnect it.)
Derailleurs聽were a mechanical marvel, and they gave the biggest advantage to cyclists when they were riding hard, an idea that evolves to this day with electronic control of shifting and shocks and hydraulic brakes.
1945: Canoes from Formed Aluminum
Noisy and hot, today鈥檚 floating aluminum canoes are minor players in a boating market full of alternatives like聽kevlar,聽polyurethanes, and composites. But there was a time when floating tin cans launched a revolution on the water. Suddenly, families could toss a (relatively) lightweight boat on the car and, when on the water, smack on rocks without worry.
Grumman aircraft company vice president William Hoffman invented the craft after one too many portages in the Adirondacks. His insight: the post-war factories could turn out peacetime vehicles as easily as planes.
1952: Wet Suits
Jack 翱鈥橬别颈濒濒 remade surfing into something that could take place all over the world, any time of year. His idea: surfers could stay warm by covering themselves in neoprene.聽聽opened his San Francisco store in 1952. (A year earlier a Berkeley professor聽聽that an insulator聽聽didn鈥檛 hamper its warmth.)
To this day, the wet suit has changed the way we dive, kayak, and聽.
1967: Internal Frame Backpacks
In the mid聽1960s, Greg Lowe thought deeply about how to secure a heavy pack to the users’ bodies when they clambered over rocks. Lowe installed rigid internal frames in his pack so it held closer to the body. He added shoulder stabilizers, a sternum strap, and side compression straps so that it moved with him. It wasn鈥檛 until the聽1990s聽that internal frames were widely adopted by everyday hikers, but they so increased comfort on the trail that a wider variety of participants can now tackle multi-day hikes.
1973: Urethane Skateboard Wheels
Engineer Frank Nasworthy鈥檚 central insight: Make skateboards slower. The teenager replaced his regular hard clay wheels with prototype urethane wheels after discovering the synthesized rubber at a family friend鈥檚 company. The new wheels did, indeed, slow him down. They also enabled carving,聽powerslides, and tricks that demand adhesion to the ground.
Three years after switching up his wheels, he聽聽that sold them.聽Nasworthy, who is now a聽, said at the time: 鈥淭he whole world’s being turned into cement. So why not use it?”
1975: Running Shoes Cushioned by Foam
Chemist David聽Schwaber聽聽a soft, plushy kind of foam, which arguably set up the 80s running boom by inviting average people to take up jogging: Who wouldn鈥檛 want a bouncy, comfortable ride from the first mile?
The foam was called ethylene-vinyl acetate, or EVA, and was first applied in 1975 to a Brooks shoe called the聽听(补苍诲听).
Since then, it has spread to all major brands, not without some controversy. Some聽biomechanists聽point out that EVA creates an unstable platform for the foot, possibly increasing the chance of injury in some designs. Even today, the presence of EVA is a personal decision for runners defined by its聽听辞谤听.
1982: Running Watches with Heart Rate Monitors
Checking heart rate during a run was once a radical concept. It allowed an athlete to self coach through workouts based on data previously only available in the lab.
Finnish cross country skier聽聽created the first portable heart rate monitor in 1975. Seven years later, his company, Polar, launched the first聽, and today such self-coaching has evolved to聽聽to聽gauge聽athlete health, as well as聽聽tests to diagnose fatigue.
1989: Mountain Bikes with Suspension
As trail riders know, suspension offers better control on rocky, uneven terrain, allowing bikers to go faster and reducing the chance of a flight over the handlebars.
Motocross mechanic Paul Turner first displayed front and rear bike suspension at a bike show in 1987. Two years later, Turner produced a聽聽with his company聽.
Modern bike suspension engineers have tinkered with the design ever since to prevent too much energy return to the rider and to vary the device鈥檚 behavior by terrain. Now we even have聽computerized electronic systems聽that adjust the suspension automatically depending on terrain.
2006: Body Sensors Tied to the Cloud
The release of Nike+ in 2006 signaled a change in the way athletes received information about their bodies.
That year, Nike sold a small shoe gadget that wirelessly relayed the wearer鈥檚 movements to remote server farms where it was analyzed and displayed on a personal web page.
It seemed like a minor tweak, but cloud-based analytics have allowed sports equipment makers to stick smarts into everything from聽聽for swing analysis to聽聽for snow sports to聽for runners.