Running was a sport for the men once upon a time, but that notion slowly deteriorated as historical events changed the perception of who could take part. Here are some of those watershed moments that shifted the sport of running toward one of inclusiveness:

1954 鈥� British-born Diane Leather becomes the first woman to run a sub-5-minute mile (4:59.6) on May 29, just 23 days after Roger Bannister ran his 3:59.4 mile. The IAAF didn鈥檛 recognize the women鈥檚 mile as a world record event until 1967.

1960 鈥� Women are allowed to participate in five running events in the Summer Olympics, including the 800 meters, which had been banned after the race in 1928 because of questions as to whether it was too taxing for female athletes.

1967 鈥� Kathrine Switzer is the first woman to run the Boston Marathon with an official bib registered under the name K.V. Switzer. Although race official Jock Semple tried to pull her off the course, she finished the race in 4:20 and was subsequently banned by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU).

1972 鈥� The AAU allows women to register for marathons after dropping its 1961 ban on women competing in U.S. road races. However, women are required to start at a separate time. In protest of the 鈥渟pecial鈥� start, women sit at the starting line of the NYC Marathon.

1975鈥� After becoming a law in 1972, Title IX begins to got into effect, discouraging unequal federal financial aid and university support for women鈥檚 programs. The average number of women鈥檚 sports teams for an NCAA school at the time is 2.1.

1977 鈥�

1978 鈥� Nike introduces first women-specific running shoe, with the Nike Waffle Racer.

1983 鈥� After being unable to compete in the 1980 Summer Olympic Games due to the U.S. boycott, Mary Decker Slaney wins gold medals in the 1,500-meter and 3,000-meter runs at the inaugural IAAF World Track & Field Championships in Helsinki, Finland.

1984 鈥� She broke away from the pack just 14 minutes into the race and never looked back.

1985 鈥� Great Britain’s Zola Budd breaks the world record in the 5,000-meter on the track running barefoot for the second time in three years with a 14:48.07 effort.

1987 鈥� Jackie Joyner-Kersee becomes the first female runner to grace the cover of Sports Illustrated. The cover line next to her photo reads: 鈥淪uper Woman.鈥�

1988 鈥� Norway’s Grete Waitz wins the New York City Marathon for the ninth time (a record that still stands).

1991 鈥� Susan G. Komen鈥檚 Race for the Cure debuts the first pink ribbon at its NYC event. The now-iconic symbol for breast cancer awareness was given to all breast cancer survivors and participants of the race.

1994 鈥� TV talk show host Oprah Winfrey crosses the finish line at the Marine Corps Marathon in Washington, D.C. in 4:29:15. Her effort, which included her losing 80 pounds in the year leading up to the race, sparked a new running boom among women, with the theme of “anyone can do it.”

1996 鈥� Russian middle-distance runner Svetlana Masterkova sets the women鈥檚 mile world record of 4:12.56 at a race in Zurich, Switzerland just a few weeks after becoming the second woman in history to win Olympic gold medals in the 800- and 1,500-meter events.

1996 鈥�

2002 鈥� Ultrarunner Pam Reed wins the Badwater Ultramarathon, a grueling 135-mile course through Death Valley in the middle of July when temperatures peak at 120 degrees. She beats both men and women entered in the race and repeated the feat in 2003, when she beat legendary ultrarunner Dean Karnazes.

2004 鈥� Nicole Deboom founds Skirt Sports after winning Ironman Wisconsin in the prototype of what would become the original Race Belt skirt. Her brand has continued to change women鈥檚 go-to race-day outfits around the world.

2007 鈥� British runner and marathon world record-holder Paula Radcliffe wins the New York City Marathon 10 months after giving birth to her daughter, inspiring mother-runners all over the world.

2009 鈥� publishes its first issue and is now the largest women-specific running magazine in the world.

2012 鈥� Shalane Flanagan, Desiree Davila (now Linden) and Kara Goucher finish 1-2-3 at the U.S. Olympic Trials Marathon in Houston. It was the first time the top three finishers ran sub-2:30 in the trials.

2011 鈥� Jenny Simpson wins the gold medal in the 1,500m at the world championships in Daegu, South Korea, the first of four global medals the American earns during her career.

2013 鈥� High school running prodigy Mary Cain of Bronxville, N.Y., finishes second in the 1,500 meters at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, thus becoming the youngest American to represent the U.S. at an IAAF World Championships meet. She became the youngest woman ever to make the finals and wound up placing 10^th.

2017 鈥� Maria Lorena Ram铆rez of Mexico’s Tarahumara community wins the 2017 Ultra Trail Cerro Rojo Ultramarathon wearing sandals and a skirt.

2017 鈥� Shalane Flanagan becomes the first American woman to win the NYC Marathon since 1977 in a time of 2 hours, 26 minutes and 53 seconds.

2017 鈥� Emma Coburn wins the U.S. its first gold medal in the 3,000-meter steeplechase at the 2017 IAAF World Championships, while Amy Cragg breaks a 34-year American medal drought while taking the bronze in the marathon.

2018 鈥� Desi Linden wins the Boston Marathon in notoriously windy, cold weather, becoming the first American woman to do so since 1985. Her time was 2 hours, 39 minutes, and 54 seconds.

2019 鈥� Dutch distance runner Sifan Hassan breaks the women’s mile world record, running 4:12.33 in her win at the Monaco Diamond League.

2019 鈥� Kenya’s Brigid Kosgei smashes the women’s marathon to win the Chicago Marathon with a time of 2 hours 14 minutes 4 seconds.

2019 鈥斅� Maggie Guterl becomes the first woman to be the last runner standing at Big鈥檚 Backyard Ultra in Tennessee, covering 250 miles by running singular laps on a 4.16-mile loop for 60 straight hours.

2020 鈥� Aliphine Tuliamuk, Molly Seidel, and Sally Kipyego finish 1-2-3 at the U.S. Olympic Trials Marathon in Atlanta where more than 450 women raced.

2021 – In just her third marathon, Molly Seidel聽earns the bronze medal in the marathon at the Tokyo Olympics 鈥斅爀nding a 17-year American medal drought.

2021 – Courtney Dauwalter wins her second consecutive women’s title at the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc 171K race in Chamonix, France, setting a new women’s course record (22:30:54) and placing seventh overall.

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Us runners, with our sometimes funny-sounding vocabulary, can come off as quirky. That鈥檚 just the way it is.

Fartlek, chafing, sandbagger 鈥� these are a few of those terms that may not remind non-runners of running. So if you鈥檙e new to the sport or just need to brush up on your runnerspeak, here are a few words you should know.

Bandit
Those runners who rob a race for the experience without permission (or payment). This is run-illegal, especially by us paying customers who forked over $100-plus to participate鈥攊f you Photoshop race bibs and post your photo on Instagram, you will get caught!

Bonk/Hitting the Wall
Scientifically speaking, you鈥檝e depleted your muscle glycogen stores鈥攁ka, you鈥檙e out of gas. How that looks runner to runner varies, but may include tears, desperation, a zombie-like trance and an almost uncontrollable urge to take a bag of Cheerios from a random toddler because you NEED FOOD.

Carbo-loading
When a runner scarfs mounds of pasta, bread and other sources of energy leading up to a big race. This gives your prepping muscles the proper glycogen oomph they need for maximum awesomeness the next day.

Chafing
When evil fabric rubs you the wrong way and causes a hyper-friction reaction in the form of painful scab-like skin markings in uncomfortable areas. Common culprits include inner thighs, armpits and, yes, nipples.

Drafting
Letting another runner do all the work. A race strategy where you tuck behind another runner and allow them to suck and block the wind while you cruise through the miles, waiting for the perfect moment to break free.

Fartlek
Go ahead and laugh now, it鈥檚 a funny word. And, as far as speed drills go, these are fun to do. Once you are into your run, add short, variable speed burst to your workout and then return to your normal pace. Time, distance, speed and how many are up to you.

Front Runner
This is the person at the front of the race pack. Some of us only see them on out-and-back courses or if we spectate a race instead of run it.

Hypoxic
You know when you are so excited to go for a run that you start out too fast and within the first minute, you鈥檙e short of breath and thinking, 鈥淲hat鈥檚 wrong? This hurts! Why can鈥檛 I breathe?鈥濃€攃hances are you鈥檙e hypoxic. Basically your lungs aren鈥檛 yet keeping up with your heart and you don鈥檛 have enough oxygen pumping through your system. Back off the pace until you warm up and catch your breath.

Intervals/Repeats
For this type of training, short, fast bursts鈥攗sually in the 200 to 800 meter range鈥攁re alternated with slower running intervals. They can leave you prone to despair and saying evil things about your coach, but they are very effective for building speed and fitness.

Maximalist
This category refers to shoes with supreme amounts of underfoot cushion. Hoka One One set the standard, but many other brands are now introducing shoe models with a cushy ride. Thanks to new foam technologies, streamlined uppers and lower heel-to-toe drops, cushion doesn鈥檛 mean clunky.

Minimalist
Minimalist shoes are generally very lightweight, have a low heel-to-toe drop (usually somewhere between 0 to 6mm), little support or structure, flexible uppers and less underfoot cushion than a standard running shoe. Proponents of minimalist shoes tout increased ground feel and more natural foot movement.

Overpronation
A word uttered on the regular at specialty running stores. Pronation describes the normal rotational motion of the outside heel making contact with the ground first, then the foot rolls inward, leaving your big piggie with most of the push-off grunt work at the end of a gait cycle. Overpronation is when this rolling is excessive, compromising your gait and putting joints all along the chain at risk. The line between pronation and overpronation is different for every runner and usually has more to do with hip strength than shoes.

Negative splits
A totally positive goal during a race. When you’ve chipped seconds off each mile during a race, resulting in slower-to-faster mile splits from start to finish, you’ve entered the subzero category.

Sandbagger
A person who publicly downplays their training, bashes their (often new) gear, questions their physical ability and then proceeds to push the pace on a group run or smoke a race. Sandbagging is not to be confused with being humble.

Singletrack
For single-file trail running. This type of trail is not wide enough for any misstep, so two-way traffic is out of the question. Please step aside.

Strides
These are mid- or post-run accelerations to build speed. Once you鈥檙e warmed up, push your pace to a hard effort for 50 to 150 meters, then slow and take a walking rest before repeating. Think of it as a drill to replicate the people in races who speed up to pass and then slow down right in front of you.

Taper
The period in which a runner is cutting back on training and mileage to rest before race day. Mimicking a temper tantrum, a “taper tantrum” refers to the often-negative side effects of lessening mileage after months of heavy running.

Common Acronyms

PR: Personal record, your speediest time at any given distance
PB: Personal best, not peanut butter
CR: Course record, fastest time run on that course
NR: National record, fastest time in the country run at any given distance
WR: World record, fastest time in the world run at any given distance
DFL: Dead freaking last, an unofficial race place and point of pride among back-runners
ITB: Iliotibial band, that pesky fascia band from your hip to the knee
MUT: Mountain/ultra/trail, a type of crazy runner
DOMS: Delayed onset muscle soreness, an epidemic among long-distance runners
DNF: Did not finish, the label slapped on your results when you do not cross the finish line
LSD: Long, slow distance, not the drug (sorry)
BQ: Boston qualifier, any marathon that’s certified to award you a ticket to the coveted Boston Marathon based on your time

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